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CBAM, in plain English.

The EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism puts a carbon price on certain imports, so that goods made abroad pay the same carbon cost as goods made under the EU Emissions Trading System.

Status checked 24 September 2026. Rules change — always confirm against the official sources below.

What it is

CBAM covers imports of cement, iron and steel, aluminium, fertilisers, hydrogen and electricity. Since 1 January 2026 the definitive period applies: importers must be authorised CBAM declarants, report the embedded emissions of what they import each year, and surrender CBAM certificates to cover them. The 2025 simplification (Regulation (EU) 2025/2083) added a 50-tonne annual threshold that takes most small importers out of scope.

Who is in scope

Importers bringing more than 50 tonnes a year of CBAM goods into the EU (hydrogen and electricity are outside the threshold)
Indirect customs representatives acting for importers
Non-EU producers, who in practice must supply verified emissions data to their EU customers

What to do now

Check annual import volumes by CN code against the 50-tonne threshold
Apply for authorised CBAM declarant status before importing above the threshold
Collect installation-level emissions data from suppliers and plan verification
Budget for certificates: sales open 1 February 2027 for 2026 imports
Key dates
CBAM timeline
1 Oct 2023
Transitional period starts — reporting only
Done
1 Jan 2026
Definitive period begins; 50-tonne threshold applies
In force
1 Feb 2027
CBAM certificate sales open on the common platform
Upcoming
30 Sep 2027
First annual declaration and certificate surrender for 2026 imports
Upcoming
Official sources

Read the primary texts

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